Busting the means testing myth
Andrew Harrop is the general secretary of the Fabian Society
One of the most surprising conclusions from this month’s Fabian Society new year conference, The Economic Alternative, was the strong tide of support for greater means testing, particularly in such times of economic austerity. Speakers including Polly Toynbee, Peter Kellner, Kitty Ussher and Patrick Diamond lined-up to condemn universal welfare entitlements.
A commonly cited example from panellists and delegates was the winter fuel payment. We witnessed a stream of well-off pensioners (still a small minority, when you look at the statistics) express confusion and in some cases dismay that they receive an unrequested, undeserved and unnecessary benefit.
Surely, they say, such spending is wasteful and government would do far better to target resources at the most needy?
The Fabian Society’s new report, The Coalition and Universalism: Cuts, targeting and the future of welfare (pdf) puts the opposite case and shows that reducing the universality of benefits ultimately harms the very poorest in society means-testing is intended to protect.
Using analysis of the level of expenditure, the degree of targeting and the amount of poverty alleviation associated with 11 OECD welfare systems at different times between the 1970s and the 1990s, the data shows, counter-intuitively, that the more you means-test, the less poverty alleviation you achieve.
Figure One
Figure Two
The first graph shows that as the overall level of expenditure on welfare rises, the amount of poverty alleviation also rises.
This is not surprising, but our research also shows that governments that are more generous in welfare spending tend to spread such spending more widely amongst the population. There are very few governments that combine high levels of expenditure with high degrees of targeting.
The second graph is the one that is striking. It shows that governments which target spending more actually do less to alleviate poverty.
What does this mean for us? It goes without saying that the one-off effect of moving from a universal to a means-tested entitlement is ‘pro-poor’, but our evidence strongly suggests that the long term effect is likely to be ‘anti-poor’.
Historically, systems which mainly benefit only the poor have been funded so much worse than more universal systems that they have alleviated poverty less. In other words the greater efficiency of targeting has been more than off-set by the decreased generosity associated with designing welfare systems in which most taxpayers are not recipients and do not have a stake.
More generous welfare systems offer broad entitlements and give middle-income households a stake in a system in which they both pay in and take out. It is this majoritarian system that helps build public support for welfare. By contrast increased targeting of benefits erodes this public support and furthers damaging ideas of ‘dependency’ and of a ‘them-and-us’ mentality.
So far the coalition approach to targeting has been tentative. The restriction of child benefit to low and middle income households has been the most public and controversial measure but there have also been major restrictions to tax credits and growing speculation on the future of the winter fuel payment.
Perhaps wary of tackling the public discontent caused by introducing means testing to popular benefits like older people’s bus passes, the coalition seem to be pursuing a “salami-slicing” approach – cutting away universalism piece by piece – justified always by the imperative of deficit reduction combined with the twin refrains of “there is no alternative” and “we’re all in this together”.
In this light, the fight to protect the most vulnerable from welfare cuts currently being waged in both Houses of Parliament are likely to be skirmishes in an ongoing battle. Campaigners for social justice and progressive values need to think very carefully before advocating means-testing as the ‘least bad’ option. It may make sense today, but will it erode support for welfare spending over decades?
We need to defend the majoritarian basis of the welfare state, otherwise entitlements which poor families depend on most will wither. There should be no doubt as to just how high the stakes are.
See also:
• Growth revision shows economic recovery is off track – Tony Dolphin, January 9th 2012
• Life is already hard for cancer patients. Don’t make it harder – Alex Hern, October 25th 2011
• How disability reforms were whitewashed from Labour’s conference – Daniel Elton, September 27th 2011
• Yet another nasty in the welfare bill: Means testing support for the disabled-since-youth – Declan Gaffney, September 22nd 2011
• Considering income alone is never enough when looking at living standards – James Plunkett, February 2nd 2011
-
http://twitter.com/andrew_harrop/status/162502097709961219 Andrew Harrop
-
http://twitter.com/thefabians/status/162502711131123712 The Fabian Society
-
http://twitter.com/younglaborleft/status/162502830723313665 ACT Young Labor Left
-
http://twitter.com/toutjustenhpm/status/162502896565501952 Pitamurti Nur Hayu
-
Anonymous
-
Anonymous
-
http://twitter.com/leftlinks/status/162504236372996097 leftlinks
-
http://twitter.com/pulpark/status/162504569673363456 Pulp Ark
-
http://www.libertarianview.co.uk Murray Rothbard
-
http://www.libertarianview.co.uk Murray Rothbard
-
http://twitter.com/britishroses1/status/162506238150721536 BevR
-
http://twitter.com/libertarianview/status/162506513573879809 Murray Rothbard
-
http://twitter.com/pranksterpixie/status/162506960653127680 Miss Prankster Pixie
-
http://twitter.com/drkmj/status/162507558089789440 KMJ
-
http://twitter.com/woodymacc/status/162515615612022786 David Wood
-
http://twitter.com/katumcd/status/162516117867347968 Katie McDowell
-
http://twitter.com/chaostocosmos/status/162518662912290817 Pamela Heywood
-
http://twitter.com/politicalplanet/status/162519800726298624 Political Planet
-
http://twitter.com/cochis3/status/162520243107930112 Cochis
-
http://twitter.com/robinwilson250/status/162526739451490304 Robin Wilson
-
http://twitter.com/annette2947/status/162534366197727233 Annette Carter
-
http://twitter.com/robbowers1/status/162572271012155392 Robert Bowers
-
http://twitter.com/beckonstruth/status/162575979770937344 TruthBeckons
-
Fpvanham
-
Fpvanham
-
http://twitter.com/Newsbot9 Newsbot9
-
http://twitter.com/Newsbot9 Newsbot9
-
http://twitter.com/Newsbot9 Newsbot9
-
Fpvanham
-
http://twitter.com/britishroses1/status/162595875821072384 BevR
-
Anonymous
-
Fpvanham
-
Anonymous
-
Anonymous
-
Fpvanham
-
Lord Blagger
-
http://twitter.com/oilywaters/status/163644258245550081 H. O.
-
http://www.leftfootforward.org/2012/03/tax-credit-changes-will-discourage-work-and-have-other-disastrous-effects/ Tax credit changes will discourage work and have other disastrous effects | Left Foot Forward
YouGov Tracker
ToUChstone Economic Tracker
George’s Marvellous Deficit Calculator
Most read this week
- £25bn welfare cuts? Hilton’s plan is absolute nonsense
- Cameron fails to protect frontline staff as promised
- Time for university fat cats to sup from the “efficiency” bowl
- NAO report reveals how Branson ‘Glazered’ taxpayer on Northern Rock
- In Community Relations Week, Northern Ireland’s painful divisions rear their head
Best of the web
Left Foot Facebook
Awards & Rankings
Archive
Tag Cloud
Domestic Progressives
- A Thousand Cuts
- Alastair Campbell
- Andrew Gibson's Blog
- Anthony Painter
- Ayes To The Left
- Blackburn Labour Party
- Chartist
- Conor's Commentary
- Dave's Part
- Diary of a Benefit Scrounger
- Duncan's Economic Blog
- Follow my leaders
- Freemania
- Full Fact
- Go Fourth
- Good Animal / Bad Animal
- Guardian Politics blog
- Harry's Place
- Hopi Sen
- Institute for Government
- Intelligence Squared
- Labour and Capital
- Labour Home
- Labour List
- LabourHome
- Left Central
- Lib-Con Trick
- Liberal Conspiracy
- Liberal Democrat Voice
- LSE politics blog
- Luke's blog
- Mark Thompson Blog
- Matthew Taylor's blog
- Max Atkinson's blog
- Migrants' Rights Network
- New Statesman: free speech
- Next Left
- Nick Pearce
- OurKingdom
- Patrick Bury's blog
- Policy Critical
- Political Reboot
- Political Scrapbook
- Progress
- Red Brick
- RSA Projects
- Runnymede Trust
- Rupa Huq's Blog
- Sadie's Tavern
- Save EMA
- Shamik Das
- Slinger blog
- Speaker’s Chair
- Tank the Tories
- Tax Research UK
- The Centre Left
- The Green Benches
- The Novocastrian
- This is my truth
- Tim McLoughlin
- Tom Harris MP
- Tom Watson MP
- Touchstone
- Touchstone TUC blog
- Young Fabians Blog









